【英文标准名称】:Operatingtables-Specificationforfixed-pedestalgeneraloperatingtables
【原文标准名称】:手术台.第2部分:通用固定支架手术工作台规范
【标准号】:BS6859-2-1987
【标准状态】:现行
【国别】:英国
【发布日期】:1987-11-30
【实施或试行日期】:1987-11-30
【发布单位】:英国标准学会(BSI)
【起草单位】:BSI
【标准类型】:()
【标准水平】:()
【中文主题词】:精整;尺寸;设计;放射器具(医学);医疗设备;夹件;位置;可拆卸的;作标记;医院设备;角(几何学);手术台;固定的;外科设备;手术示范室;倾斜的
【英文主题词】:Angles(geometry);Clamps(mechanical);Design;Dimensions;Finishes;Fixed;Hospitalequipment;Inclined;Marking;Medicalequipment;Operatingtables;Operatingtheatres;Position;Radiologyapparatus(medical);Removable;Surgicalequipment;Tables
【摘要】:Requirementsforoperatingtableswithtopsoffourormoresections.Alsoincludesrequirementsfordimensionsofaccessoryclampstofacilitateinterchangeabilitybetweentablesandaccessories.
【中国标准分类号】:C46
【国际标准分类号】:11_140
【页数】:12P;A4
【正文语种】:英语


【英文标准名称】:StandardGuideforConductingWholeSedimentToxicityTestswithAmphibians
【原文标准名称】:用两栖动物进行整体沉积物毒性试验的标准指南
【标准号】:ASTME2591-2007
【标准状态】:现行
【国别】:
【发布日期】:2007
【实施或试行日期】:
【发布单位】:美国材料与试验协会(US-ASTM)
【起草单位】:E47.03
【标准类型】:(Guide)
【标准水平】:()
【中文主题词】:两栖纲;动物生物区;生物分析和试验;生物试验;生物水污染物;进行;沉积物;试验;毒性;水质;水质试验
【英文主题词】:amphibian;bioavailability
【摘要】:Whilefederalcriteriaandstatestandardsexistthatdefineacuteandchronicx201C;safex201D;levelsinthewatercolumn,effectslevelsinthesedimentarepoorlydefinedandmaybedependentuponnumerousmodifyingfactors.EvenwhereUSEPArecommendedWaterQualityCriteria(WQC,(35))arenotexceededbywater-borneconcentrations,organismsthatliveinornearthesedimentmaystillbeadverselyaffected(36).Therefore,simplymeasuringtheconcentrationofachemicalinthesedimentorinthewaterisofteninsufficienttoevaluateitsactualenvironmentaltoxicity.Concentrationsofcontaminantsinsedimentmaybemuchhigherthanconcentrationsinoverlyingwater;thisisespeciallytrueofhydrophobicorganiccompoundsaswellasinorganicionsthathaveastrongaffinityfororganicligandsandnegatively-chargedsurfaces.Higherchemicalconcentrationsinsedimentdonot,however,alwaystranslatetogreatertoxicityorbioaccumulation(37),althoughresearchalsosuggeststhatamendingsedimentwithorganicmatteractuallyincreasesthebioaccumulationofcontaminantparticles(38,39).OtherfactorsthatcanpotentiallyinfluencesedimentbioaccumulationandtoxicityincludepHmineralogicalcomposition,acid-volatilesulfide(AVS)andgrainsize(40,41).Laboratorytoxicitytestsprovideadirectandeffectivewaytoevaluatetheeffectsofsedimentcontaminationonenvironmentalreceptorswhileprovidingempiricalconsiderationofallofthephysical,chemicalandbiologicalparametersthatmayinfluencetoxicity.Amphibiansareoftenamajorecosystemcomponentofwetlandsaroundtheworld,howeverlimiteddataareavailableregardingtheeffectsofsediment-boundcontaminantstoamphibians(30-32,41-43).Laboratorystudiessuchastheproceduredescribedinthisstandardareonemeansofdirectlyassessingsedimenttoxicitytoamphibiansinordertoevaluatepotentialecologicalrisksinwetlands.Resultsfromsedimenttestingwiththisproceduremaybeusefulindevelopingchemical-specificsedimentscreeningvaluesforamphibians.Sedimenttoxicitytestcanbeusedtodemonstratethereactionoftestorganismstothespecificcombinationofphysicalandchemicalcharacteristicsinanenvironmentalmedium.Thebioavailabilityofchemicalsisdependentonanumberoffactors,whicharebothsite-specificandmedium-specific.Althoughmanyofthesefactorscanbeestimatedusingequilibriumpartitioningtechniques,itisdifficulttoaccountforallthephysicalandchemicalpropertieswhichcouldpotentiallyaffectbioavailability.Sedimenttoxicitytestsmaybeparticularlyapplicabletoevaluatinghydrophobiccompoundswhichmaynotreadilypartitionintothewatercolumn.SeeTable1forasummaryofadvantagesanddisadvantagesassociatedwithsedimenttoxicitytests.TABLE1AdvantagesandDisadvantagesforUseofSedimentTests(ModifiedfromTestMethodE1706)Advantages
Measurebioavailablefractionofcontaminant(s).
Provideadirectmeasureofeffectsonsediment-associatedreceptors(benthos,larvalamphibians),assumingnofieldadaptationorameliorationofeffects.
Limitedspecialequipmentisrequired.
Methodsarerapidandinexpensive.
Legalandscientificprecedenceexistforuse;USEPAandASTMstandardmethodsandguidesareavai........
【中国标准分类号】:Z12
【国际标准分类号】:13_060_70
【页数】:18P.;A4
【正文语种】: